The adventure of coffee includes a story that begins with its discovery, extends to Turkey, and then spreads throughout the world. It is thought that the origin of the coffee plant dates back to Africa and that it was first used as a beverage in Southern Arabia. Since the development of coffee culture took place in the Arab world, Arabic literature is often consulted to examine the beginning of this culture.
Coffee, which was carried to Europe through Venetian merchants in the 17th century, spread across the continent in a short time. As a result of European colonialism in the Americas, Asia and Africa, coffee plantations were established all over the world and coffee became a widely consumed beverage. It is known that coffee is grown mainly in tropical climates and high altitude regions such as Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia.
CoffeeAs a beverage, it is prepared by brewing powdered coffee beans, but various factors such as filtering, grind size, brewing time, water temperature and quantity can result in different beverages. Various types of coffee are popular today, such as Espresso and its derivatives. Coffee contains stimulant effect of caffeine It has attention-enhancing and alertness-enhancing properties.
Origin of the Word Coffee
word coffee, came into Turkish from the Arabic word “قهوة” (coffee). However, it is unclear when this term was first used in Arabic. Although the etymology of this word of Arabic origin is not certain, it is most likely “to suppress appetite” It is derived from the verb “kahiye” meaning “kahiye”. In this context, it may be related to the fact that the word coffee in Arabic is associated with a type of wine that suppresses the appetite of those who drink it for the first time.
The root of this word of Arabic origin is also associated with the Hebrew root “khh”, which has meanings such as “smoky” and “matte”. Additionally, the etymology of the word coffee is also associated with the Kaffa region in Ethiopia.
It is thought that the word coffee probably started to gain its current meaning in the 14th century. The Arabic word “coffee” remained as “kahve” in Turkish, and continued to evolve in different ways such as “café”, “caffe”, “koffie”, “coffee”, “koffie”, “kaffee” in European languages.
Myths About the First Use of Coffee
First use of coffeeThere are various legends about him, but the most famous is Kaldi or Khalid, an Ethiopian goatherd It endures. This legend has received great attention in western literature and has become extremely popular. According to legend, a goatherd named Kaldi or Halid noticed that his goats became extremely energetic after consuming the fruits of an unknown plant. He felt the same effect when he tried these fruits. He reported the situation to a clergyman in his region, and as a result of testing these fruits, today’s coffee drink was discovered.
an Ethiopian Arab Sheikh Shazili, He is known as a Sufi Sheikh who probably lived in the late 14th century and is said to be one of the first people to drink coffee. Staying vigorous and alert during night prayers It is said that he drank coffee especially at night and that he was one of the Sufis who used coffee.
According to the 16th century Arab writer Ceziri, the first person to drink coffee was the Yemeni Cemalleddin Ebu Abdullah Muhammed İbn Said, i.e. ez-Zebhani’is. When he left Aden and went to Ethiopia, he encountered people drinking coffee and when he returned, he cured his illness by drinking coffee. This incident led him to discover the fatigue-relieving and vitalizing properties of coffee.
Some narrations state that the first coffee consumption was Hz. to the prophet Solomon It compares. According to this rumor, Hz. During one of his journeys, Solomon stopped by a city suffering from an unknown disease. He was informed by Gabriel how to solve this problem, and he discovered a new drink by roasting coffee beans from Yemen. Patients who drank this drink regained their health.
After being used only by Arabs for a long time, coffee spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran and India a century later.
The Origin of Coffee, Called the “Magic Fruit”
Coffee was found in the natural habitat of the coffee plant, which grows wild in the high plateaus of Ethiopia, its homeland. Indigenous people in these regions harvest the grains of the coffee plant He grinds it into flour and makes a kind of bread. and its fruitsDrinking its water for medicinal purposes was using. these fruits “magic fruit” It was called. The fame of coffee quickly spread to the Arabian Peninsula, and it continued to be drunk using the method discovered in Ethiopia for 300 years.
However, coffee became even more popular with a new discovery in the 14th century. The coffee beans roasted on the fire were crushed, boiled and served to me. The first group to process and drink coffee was It was the Sufi order in Yemen. This method was seen in Yemen in the 1470s, then in Aden in 1510, in Cairo in 1511, and in Mecca. From this point on, coffee spread throughout the world and became a popular beverage.
The Adventure of Coffee in the Ottoman Empire
The adventure of coffee in the Ottoman EmpireDuring the period of Yemen Governor Özdemir Pasha, that is, Suleiman The MagnificentIt begins with his being brought to Istanbul during the reign of 1520-1566. Özdemir Pasha brought the coffee he drank and loved in Yemen to Istanbul. Coffee soon took its place as a prestigious drink in the palace cuisine and attracted great attention.
During this period, palace duties included “kahvecibaşı” A rank named is added. The chief coffee makers, who were responsible for cooking the coffee of the sultan or statesmen, were chosen among those who were loyal and knew how to keep secrets. In Ottoman history, there were even people who rose from chief coffee shop to grand vizier.
Coffee spread from palaces to mansions and then to homes and in a short time it became a taste that the people of Istanbul were passionate about. Purchased raw coffee beans were roasted in pans, ground in mortars, and then cooked in coffee pots. In 1554, two Syrian Arabs opened the city’s first coffeehouse in Tahtakale, Istanbul. However, at that time, it was a matter of debate whether coffee was beneficial or not. Unlike previous sheikh al-Islams, Bostanzade Mehmet Efendi He gave a fatwa stating that coffee is not haram and that it is even beneficial.
Coffee was banned for several periods in Ottoman history. First coffee ban It took place during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. This ban, which was introduced to prevent coffeehouses from turning into gossip environments, was lifted by the fatwa of Sheikh al-Islam Bostanzade Mehmet Efendi.
Second coffee ban III. It took place during the reign of Murad II, but this ban could not reduce coffee consumption because illegal coffee houses were opened. During this period, coffee became a popular beverage in certain centers. Later, during the reign of Ahmed I, recreational drugs along with coffee were banned, and coffee was even considered a narcotic.
The strictest coffee ban in Ottoman history was in IV. It was brought during the reign of Murad. During this period, not only coffee but also recreational substances such as tobacco, wine and opium were prohibited. The sultan, who closed the coffeehouses, cited the reason for this as the coffeehouses caused huge fires in Istanbul. However, eventually, coffee consumption became widespread again with the fatwas given by scholars. The last bans were lifted in 1830 and coffee began to be consumed freely.
Spread of Coffee Around the World
Venetian merchants coming to IstanbulThey brought this beloved drink to Venice, and thus Europeans were introduced to coffee for the first time in 1615. Coffee, which was initially sold on the streets by lemonade sellers, gained a more official status with the opening of Italy’s first coffeehouse in 1645. These coffeehouses, whose numbers increased rapidly in a short time, became the most popular places where artists, students and people from all walks of life came together and chatted, as in many other countries. Coffee reached Paris in 1643 and London in 1651.
Europeans began to establish coffee plantations in various parts of the world. Coffee cultivation began in 1712 on the Indonesian island of Java, and the Netherlands also began growing coffee in Java and the East Indies, as well as in the French Antilles.
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